Temperature and Heat

Temperature and Heat

Kinetic energy: the energy of a moving object.

 Pontential energy: energy stored in an object or material.

 Temperature: the average kinetic energy of a molecules in a material.

Heat: energy that flows between objects that have different temperatures.

Radiation: the transfer of energy by electromagnetic waves.

 Conduction: the transfer of energy by direct contact of molecules.

Convection: the transfer of energy by the flow of a liquid or gas.

Insulation: prevents heat from flowing in or out of a material.

Chemical Changes

Chemical Change

Compound: a chemical combination of two or more elements.

 Chemical bond: a link that atoms or electrically charged particles can form with each other.

 Chemical formula: a way of using letters and numbers to show how much of each element is in a substance.

Ion: an electrically charged particle with unequal numbers of protons and electrons.

Molecule: a group of bonded atoms that acts like a single particle.

Chemical property: a way of describing how a substance changes chemically with other substances.

 Exothermic: a reaction that gives off heat.

Endothermic: a reaction that absorbs heat.

Elements and Atoms

Elements and Atoms

Element: a substance that cannot be broken down any futher into anything simpler.

Atom: the smallest particle of an element that has the same chemical properties.

 Nucleus: an atom's dense center, where most of it mass is.

Electron: a negatively charged particle that moved around an atom's nucleus.

 Proton: a positively charged particle inside an atom's nucleus. 

Neutron: a particle with no charge inside an atom's nucleus.

Atomic number: the number of protons in an atom.

 Metal: any of a group of elements that conduct heat and electricity, is shiny and bendable.

Physical Properties

Physical Properties

Matter: any solid, liquid, or gas

 

Mass: amount of matter in an object.

 Volume: the amount of spece an object takes up.

 Density: the amount of mass in a certain volume of material.

 Physical property: a property that can be observed without changing the identify of a substance.

Physical change: a change in size, shape, or state without forming a new substance.

Solution: a mixture of one substance dissolved in another so that the properties are the same throughout.

 Chemical change: a change in matter that produces a new substance with different properties from the original.

Places to Live Around the World

Places to Live Around the World

The land on Earth is divided into six major kinds of large ecosystems that are: Desert, Tundra, Grassland, Deciduous forest, Taiga, Tropical Rain Forest, this is called biomes. Each biome has its own kind of climate, soil, plants, and animals. Each biome can be found in differents parts of the world. For example, a desert biome is found in North America, another is found in Africa, still another is found in South America, others are found in Asia and Australia.

Desert:

Location: Midlatitudes

Climate: very hot days, cool nights.

Soil: Poor in animal and plant decay products but often rich in minerals.

Plants: none to cacti, yuccas, bunch grasses, shrubs, and few trees.

Animals: Rodents, snakes, lizards, tortoises, insects, and some birds.

Tundra:

Location: high northern latitudes.

Climate: very cold, harsh, and long winters; short and cool summers.

Soil: nutrient poor, permafrost layer a few inches down.

Plants: grasses, wildflowers, mosses, small shrubs.

Animals: musk oxen, migrating caribou, artic foxes, weasels, snowshoe hares, owls, hawks, various rodents.

Grassland:

Location: midlatitudes.

Climate: cool in winter, hot in summer.

Soil: rich topsoil.

Plants: mostly grasses and small shrubs, some trees near sources of water.

Animals: prairie dogs, foxes, small mammals, snakes, insects, various birds. African grasslands include elephants, lions, zebras, giraffes.

Deciduous forest:

Location: midlaltitudes.

Climate: relatively mild summers and cold winters.

Soil: rich topsoil over clay.

Plants: hardwoods, beeches, hickories, maples.

Animals: wolves, deer, bears, and a wide variety of small mammals, birds, amphibians, reptiles, and insects.

Taiga:

Location: mid to high latitudes.

Climate: very cold winters, cool summers.

Soil: acidic, mineral poor, decayed pine and spruce needles on surface.

Plants: mostly pruce, fir, and other evergreens.

Animals: rodents, snowshoe hares, lynx, sables, ermine, caribou, bears, wolves, birds in summer.

Tropical rain forest:

Location: near the equator.

Climate: hot all year around.

Soil: nutrient poor.

Plants: greatest diversity of any biome

Animals: more species of insects, reptiles, and amphibians than any place else; monkeys, other mammals, including in some places elephants, all sorts of colorful birds.

Surviving in Ecosystems

Surviving in Ecosystems

In nature a relationship between 2 kinds of organisms that lasts over a period of time is called symbosis. There are different kinds of symbosis. Sometimes both organisms benefit from the relationship. Sometimes one organism benefits while harming the other. Sometimes only one benefits, and the other is not affected. Let's take a closer look at each kind of symposis

Mutualism

When a relationship between 2 kinds of organisms benefits both of them, it is called mutualism. A strange - looking plant grows in the Mojave Desert of southern California. It's called a Joshua tree, or yucca plant. When this tree's creamy flowers are in bloom, small gray shadows seem to dart from flower to flower.

Parasitism

A relationship in which one kind of organism lives on or in another organism is called parasitism. The organism that live on or in other organisms are called parasites. The organisms they feed on are called hosts. The parasites benefit from the relationship. The hosts arr harmed by it.

Commensalism

A relationship where one organism benefits from another without harming or helping it is called commensalism. Many animals also have this kind of relationship. There are certain tropical fish that live unharmed among the poisonous tentacles of sea anemones provide safety for the fish.

Life Cycle

Life Cycle

Introduction: The life cycle is a project funded by the EUPublic Health Programme, aligned to its overall goal of improving the health of EU citizens by fostering more physically active lifestyles. To learn more about the life cycle project, partner countries, target groups and our latest news, please feel free to browse our website or contact us directly.

The life cycle have 3 types :

• Water Cycle: also known as the hydrologic cycle or H2O cycle, describes the continuous movement of water on, above and below the surface of the Earth. Water can change states among liquid, vapour, and ice at various places in the water cycle. Although the balance of water on Earth remains fairly constant over time, individual water molecules can come and go.The water moves from one reservoir to another, such as from river to ocean, or from the ocean to the atmosphere, by the physical processes of evaporation, condensation, precipitation, infiltration, runoff, and subsurface flow. In so doing, the water goes through different phases: liquid, solid, and gas.
• Carbon Cycle: is the biogeochemical cycle by which carbon is exchanged among the biosphere, pedosphere, geosphere, hydrosphere, and atmosphere of the Earth. It is one of the most important cycles of the earth and allows for carbon to be recycled and reused throughout the biosphere and all of its organisms.
• Nitrogen Cycle:  is the process by which nitrogen is converted between its various chemical forms. This transformation can be carried out via both biological and non-biological processes. Important processes in the nitrogen cycle include fixation, mineralization, nitrification, and denitrification. The majority of Earth's atmosphere (approximately 78%) is nitrogen, making it the largest pool of nitrogen. However, atmospheric nitrogen is unavailable for biological use, leading to a scarcity of usable nitrogen in many types of ecosystems.